By taking cues from users’ self-regulation strategies, it is possible to design innovative operational models for drug services as well as drug policies, strengthening Harm Reduction as an alternative approach to the disease model.

A significant body of research on cocaine users recruited outside captive populations – that is, studies based on samples of users who have not been enrolled through drug addiction services – has been carried out in many European countries and outside Europe. These studies show a variety of patterns and trajectories of use other than “addictive” use.

This paper illustrates the aim of encouraging users’ informal controls while reducing the harm caused by punitive laws and policies.

Keep up-to-date with drug policy developments by subscribing to the IDPC Monthly Alert.

Cocaine: towards a self-regulation model

Portugal enacted one of the most extensive drug law reforms in the world when it decriminalized low-level possession and use of all illicit drugs more than a decade ago. Results of the Portuguese experience demonstrate that drug decriminalization – alongside a serious investment in treatment and harm reduction services – can significantly improve public safety and health.

Drug decriminalization in portugal: A health-centered approach

Personal sovereignty informs both the LGBT liberation and drug policy reform movements. Police surveillance and repression, along with stigma and moral panic, have been used to great effect against both LGBT individuals and people who use drugs.

We need drug policies that move away from the criminal justice system, and address drug overdose, dependence, and use through a health-oriented framework.

 LGBT communities and drug policy reform

The current system for classifying illegal (and most legal) drugs is flawed, outdated and unscientific. Marijuana should be reclassified in order to facilitate research, ensure patient access, and permit its legal regulation. Established by the federal Controlled Substances Act (CSA) of 1970, this system erroneously places marijuana in the most restrictive class, Schedule I, reserved for drugs with a "high potential for abuse”, "no currently accepted medical use" and a “lack of accepted safety."

Marijuana reclassification: Removing marijuana from the controlled substances Act

On October 21-23, 2013, the Washington Office on Latin America (WOLA) and the Drug Policy Alliance (DPA) hosted in Denver, Colorado, the workshop “Launching Legal Marijuana: Regulatory Challenges and Options.

The overall goal of this workshop was to create a forum to learn from the unfolding experiences in the U.S. states of Colorado and Washington in implementing the legislation recently passed to regulate marijuana, as well as to debate ideas, lessons learned and best practices on this issue. The workshop was attended by delegations from Brazil, Mexico, Canada, the United States, and Uruguay involved in the regulation processes in their respective countries.

What follows is a summary of the meetings and discussions during those days. This document aims at providing an overview of the perpsectives shared during the meeting, as well as pointing out the questions and challenges identified by the participants regarding regulation of the marijuana market. Nonetheless, it should be noted that the individual views included in this document do not necessarily represent the general opinion of the meeting’s participants.

Launching legal marijuana: Regulatory challenges and options

This expert analysis critically assesses the political implications of the inclusion of the issue of illicit drugs in Colombia’s peace negotiations. It considers the ways in which the parties have approached the drug problem and lays out some of the critical questions regarding drug policy options. It also discusses what these negotiations tell us about the parameters within which drug policy reform may be realistically pursued in Colombia, which could also affect regional and
international approaches to the issue. Drug policy reform has already prompted some searching questions in Latin America and an increasingly heated global debate.

In the course of ongoing negotiations between the government of Colombia and the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia the parties agreed to include the question of illicit drugs as the negotiations’ fourth agenda item, which is likely to test the process’s capacity to achieve far-reaching change. More than any other country (perhaps with the exception of Mexico), Colombia has shown that drug control policy needs urgent rethinking, as does the way in which the policy is applied. Will the peace negotiations mark a turning point in Colombia’s drug policy? And through the negotiations, will Colombia lead the way towards a more visionary international drug policy?

Keep up-to-date with drug policy developments by subscribing to the IDPC Monthly Alert.

Illicit drugs and peace negotiations in Colombia: Challenges for the government and the FARC

Map of all states with broadened naloxone access laws and links to the text of the various laws.Unintentional drug overdose is now considered to be a leading cause of preventable death in the United States. Administering naloxone hydrochloride (“naloxone”) can reverse an opioid overdose and prevent these unintentional deaths. To explore these laws use the query box below. This page has been updated through February 2014.

Please click here to have access to the map and the explanations.

Map of State laws regulating naloxone

Many U.S. cities are taking steps to reduce the role of criminalization in their local drug policies. Seattle, Washington has been at the forefront of this effort, pioneering a novel pre-booking diversion program for minor drug law violations known as Law Enforcement Assisted Diversion (LEAD). Santa Fe, New Mexico and several other cities have begun exploring this promising new strategy to improve public safety and health.

 Law enforcement assisted diversion (LEAD): Reducing the role of criminalization in local drug control

In 2012, a comprehensive national study of drug use was conducted in Pakistan, providing reliable baseline information on the prevalence and patterns of drug use among the population aged 15 to 64. To generate these results, a series of surveys was conducted throughout the four provinces and Pakistan-administered Kashmir, including interviews of 4,533 high-risk drug users; 58 drug treatment centre representatives; 1,198 key informants; and 51,453 participants randomly selected from the general population.

The survey results show considerable past-year use of both plant-based drugs and medical prescription drugs, particularly of cannabis, prescription opioids (painkillers), tranquilizers and sedatives, and opiates (heroin and opium). Drug use in Pakistan is highly differential by gender.

The national population prevalence is a combination of very high levels of use of these substances among men, and generally low levels of use among women offset by considerable levels of misuse of prescription opioids and tranquilizers and sedatives among women.

Although Pakistan is a country with a large population of youth, drug use was more common among those between the ages of 25 to 39 than 15 to 24.

This report provides the basis for implementation of effective prevention, treatment and care services that are evidence-based.

Drug use in Pakistan 2013

These bills are illegal and unconstitutional. Prior to 2011, the only state to pass such a law was Michigan. That law was struck down in 2003 by a federal appeals court. The court upheld a 2000 decision by a U.S. District Court judge that mandatory, suspicionless drug testing for public assistance violates the 4th Amendment’s protection from unreasonable search and seizure, and is unnecessary, given the existence of more effective and less invasive means of detecting drug abuse.

Mandatory drug testing for unemployment benefits and TANF is costly and ineffective

The annual report of the International Narcotics Control Board (INCB) for 2013 marks a particular milestone: the 45th annual report of the Board since it was established in 1968 in accordance with the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs of 1961.

Over that period, there have been significant emerging challenges and efforts made in addressing the global drug problem. Notably, the 1961 Convention is adhered to by almost all States, illustrating the commitment of Governments to the principle of shared responsibility in ensuring the availability of narcotic drugs for medical and scientific purposes while preventing their diversion and abuse.

To address subsequent drug control challenges such as the abuse of psychotropic substances while ensuring their availability for medical purposes, the use of chemicals in the illicit manufacture of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances, and drug trafficking, States created and adopted the two other international drug control conventions in force today: the Convention on Psychotropic Substances of 1971and the United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances of 1988. Those conventions too enjoy almost universal adherence.

This INCB annual report serves as a “stock-taking” of achievements made, challenges faced and additional efforts required for the future.

Report of the International Narcotics Control Board for 2013 

Under Heroin-Assisted treatment (HAT), pharmacological heroin is administered under strict controls in a clinical setting to those who have failed in other treatments like methadone. Every published evaluation of HAT has shown extremely positive outcomes: major reductions in illicit drug use, crime, disease and overdose; and improvements in health, wellbeing, social reintegration and treatment retention. More than a half dozen countries in Europe and Canada have implemented heroin-assisted treatment (HAT) programs.

Publications