逐渐增长的关于供应方干预非法药物市场的文献表明：大部分被应用于遏止药物供给的方法对药物的批量成交只有非常小的影响。英语版本拥有更多信息，请阅读下文。

随时掌握与药物政策发展相关的最新信息。

The growing literature on the effectiveness of supply-side interventions in illegal drug markets shows that most measures taken to curb supply (crop eradication, drug seizures, arrests of drug traffickers and dealers, etc.) have very small effects on quantities transacted. The interesting paper by Harold Pollack & Peter Reuter [1] highlights another dimension of this ineffectiveness: the small (or nil) effects of tougher enforcement on drug prices. Although there has been less attention on this dimension, most of the evidence summarized by Pollack & Reuter shows that there is little evidence in support of the proposition that tougher enforcement will increase prices.

The lack of good and systematic data on drug prices, let alone of exogenous sources of variation in enforcement measures to identify causal effects, has prevented more and better research on the effects of enforcement against illegal drug markets on prices.

The channels through which this apparent inefficiency operates are relatively well identified.

Crop eradication in producer countries, for example, are counteracted by drug producers by spraying molasses on crops so that the active ingredient of the herbicide cannot penetrate the foliage and destroy the plant; also, producers use better planting techniques and become more productive to compensate for the losses created by more eradication.

In wholesale markets, crackdowns on drug shipments and routes have led drug traffickers to devise more efficient ways to smuggle drugs from producer to consumer countries. In short, one of the most salient collateral effects of tougher enforcement in illegal drug markets is that it incentivizes technological progress among drug producers, traffickers and dealers in order to compensate for the losses created by it.

Examples of very creative smuggling techniques abound in Colombia and Mexico: from organic synthesis of the cocaine molecule so that shipments cannot be detected by the standard control methods to the use of catapults to hurl large sacks of marijuana and cocaine over the international border between Mexico and the United States.

Keep up-to-date with drug policy developments by subscribing to the IDPC Monthly Alert.

另一维度的供应方干预非法药物市场的无效性

本文旨在系统地收集并综合有关监管注射服务可得的证据。英语版本拥有更多信息，请阅读下文。

Supervised injection services (SISs) have been developed to promote safer drug injection practices, enhance health-related behaviors among people who inject drugs (PWID), and connect PWID with external health and social services. Nevertheless, SISs have also been accused of fostering drug use and drug trafficking.

Seventy-five relevant articles were found. All studies converged to find that SISs were efficacious in attracting the most marginalized PWID, promoting safer injection conditions, enhancing access to primary health care, and reducing the overdose frequency. SISs were not found to increase drug injecting, drug trafficking or crime in the surrounding environments. SISs were found to be associated with reduced levels of public drug injections and dropped syringes. Of the articles, 85% originated from Vancouver or Sydney.

SISs have largely fulfilled their initial objectives without enhancing drug use or drug trafficking. Almost all of the studies found in this review were performed in Canada or Australia, whereas the majority of SISs are located in Europe. The implementation of new SISs in places with high rates of injection drug use and associated harms appears to be supported by evidence.

Click here to read the full article. (restricted access)

监督注射服务：什么已经被证明了？系统性文献回顾

Even as the administration of Mexico’s President Enrique Peña Nieto has scored important reform successes in the economic sphere, its security and law enforcement policy toward organized crime remains incomplete and ill-defined. Preoccupied with the fighting among vicious drug trafficking groups and the rise of anti-crime vigilante militias in the centre of Mexico, the administration has for the most part avert edits eyes from the previously highly-violent criminal hotspots in the north where major law enforcement challenges remain.

The Peña Nieto administration thus mostly continues to put out immediate security fires—such as in Michoacán and Tamaulipas—but the overall deterrence capacity of Mexico’s military and law enforcement forces and justice sector continue to be very limited and largely unable to deter violence escalation and reescalation.

Identifying the need to reduce violence in Mexico as the most important priority for its security policy was the right decision of the Peña Nieto administration. But despite the capture of Mexico’s most notorious drug trafficker, Joaquín “El Chapo” Guzmán, much of the security policy reform momentum that surrounded the Peña Nieto administration at the outset of its six-year term has prematurely dissipated. Key pillars of the policy are plodding along meekly, including the national 

, the new intelligence super centre, and the 

. The October 2013 deadline to vet all police units for corruption and links to organized crime was missed once again and extended until October 2014. As with many institutional reforms in Mexico, there is large regional variation in the quality and even design of the reforms being implemented. At least, however, the Mexican Congress, overall a weak player in setting and overseeing anti-crime policy in Mexico, approved a new criminal code in the spring of 2014. The so-called National Code of Penal Procedure (

Código Nacional de Procedimientos Penales

)will be critical in establishing uniform application of criminal law across Mexico’s thirty-one states and the Federal District, and standardizing procedures regarding investigations, trials, and punishment.

Keep up-to-date with drug policy developments by subscribing to the IDPC Monthly Alert.

Changing the game or dropping the ball? Mexico’s security and anti-crime strategy under President Enrique Peña Nieto

Yet another dimension of the ineffectiveness of supply-side interventions in illegal drug markets

Click here to read the full article. (restricted access)

Supervised injection services: What has been demonstrated?

Canada’s Shame: Parliament considers regressive drug policy bill

In 2011, the Supreme Court of Canada found that supervised consumption services save lives, ordering that Vancouver’s Insite be granted an exemption by the federal Ministry of Health allowing it to continue to operate. Flouting the spirit and the letter of this ruling, the Government of Canada devised Bill C-2 (

An Act to amend the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act

), legislation that would make supervised consumption services harder to establish. (The Canadian HIV/AIDS Legal Network and Pivot Legal Society helped to craft 21 amendments to this bill, put forward at committee, and all were – as expected – defeated by the government.) Bill C-2 could soon become law. Please read 

An Injection of Reason: Critical Analysis of BillC-2

,the Legal Network’s joint rights-based submission (with theCanadian Drug Policy Coalition) to parliamentarians.

An injection of reason: Critical analysis of bill C-2 in Canada

这份报告提供了关于在2013年到2014年期间国际毒品联合会的主要执行活动和其重要的成就的信息。英语版本拥有更多信息，请阅读下文。

It has been another exciting twelve months for global drug policy, and there continues to be a growing momentum towards policy reform and open debate. Regulated markets for cannabis are being set up in Uruguay and two US states (Washington and Colorado), and a growing acknowledgement that the current international drug control system is inadequate to meet the complexities of modern-day global drug markets.

Nonetheless, dialogue at the international level – particularly at the UN Commission on Narcotic Drugs (CND) – continues to be stifled by a reliance on consensus agreements. This is exemplified by the Joint Ministerial Statement issued by the UN in March 2014, which after months of lively debate was disappointing overall and failed to really address the challenges we face today. At this year's CND, Ecuador explicitly advocated for a thorough re-thinking of the international drug conventions, while many others came out in favour of the decriminalisation of drug possession, of harm reduction, of the abolishment of the death penalty, and of a general reorientation of the drug control system.

In this policy context, IDPC has been working in support of those countries willing to innovate in their drug policies. By collaborating with civil society colleagues and like-minded governments, IDPC seeks to make maximum use of the opportunity presented by the approaching UN General Assembly Special Session (UNGASS) on drugs of 2016.

This annual Progress Report offers information about the main activities implemented by IDPC during 2013 and 2014 and highlights our main achievements this year in terms of national and international advocacy, communications and publication of multilingual documentation.

2013-2014年国际毒品政策联合会发展报告

本文概述了从现在到2016年五个国际毒品政策联合会成员将集体呼吁的主要“请求”。英语版本拥有更多信息，请阅读下文。

In the summer of 2016, there will be a United Nations General Assembly Special Session (UNGASS) held in New York, dedicated to the issue of drug policy. The General Assembly is the highest policy making and representative organ of the United Nations (UN), and its infrequent Special Sessions focus on pertinent topics at the request of member states. The UNGASS on drugs has the potential to be a ground-breaking, open debate about the international drug control system – but there is much work to be done to ensure that it fulfils that potential.

The International Drug Policy Consortium (IDPC) is a global network of more than 120 civil society organisations that come together to promote objective and open debates on national and international drug policies. This document outlines the five main “asks” that the Consortium members will collectively call for between now and 2016. These “asks” have been developed through detailed consultations across the IDPC membership, and will each be the subject of more detailed briefing papers in the coming months:

ASK 1: Ensure an open and inclusive debate

ASK 2: Re-set the objectives of drug policies

ASK 3: Support policy experimentation and innovation

ASK 4: End the criminalisation of the most affected populations

ASK 5: Commit to the harm reduction approach

通往2016年联合国大会特别会议之路：来自国际毒品政策联盟的关于流程和策略的请求

用纳洛酮进行阿片类药物过量使用的社区管理应当得到其它措施的补充来减少见证由于阿片类药物过量使用而致死的比率。英语版本拥有更多信息，请阅读下文。

Opioids are potent respiratory depressants, and overdose is a leading cause of death among people who use them. Worldwide, an estimated 69 000 people die from opioid overdose each year. The number of opioid overdoses has risen in recent years, in part due to the increased use of opioids in the management of chronic pain. In 2010, an estimated 16 651 people died from an overdose of prescription opioids in the United States of America alone.

Opioid overdose is treatable with naloxone, an opioid antagonist which rapidly reverses the effects of opioids. Death does not usually occur immediately, and in the majority of cases, overdoses are witnessed by a family member, peer or someone whose work brings them into contact with people who use opioids. Increased access to naloxone for people likely to witness an overdose could significantly reduce the high numbers of opioid overdose deaths. In recent years, a number of programmes around the world have shown that it is feasible to provide naloxone to people likely to witness an opioid overdose, in combination with training on the use of naloxone and the resuscitation of people experiencing opioid overdose, prompting calls for the widespread adoption of this approach. In 2012, the United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) called upon the World Health Organization (WHO), in collaboration with the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) to provide advice and guidance, based on scientific evidence, on preventing mortality from drug overdose, in particular opioid overdose.

While community management of opioid overdose with naloxone is expected to reduce the proportion of witnessed opioid overdoses which result in death, it does not address the underlying causes of opioid overdose. To further reduce the number of deaths due to opioid overdose other measures should be considered, such as:

curbing innapropriate opioid prescribing;

curbing inappropriate over-the-counter sales of opioids;

increasing the rate of treatment of opioid dependence, including for those dependent on prescription opioids.

阿片类药物过量使用的社区管理

世界卫生组织列出了事实、风险、紧急反应和努力去防止阿片类药物过量，并提供了一系列的建议。英语版本拥有更多信息，请阅读下文。

Opioids are psychoactive substances derived from the opium poppy, or their synthetic analogues. Examples are morphine and heroin.

Worldwide, an estimated 69 000 people die from opioid overdose each year.

There are an estimated 15 million people who suffer from opioid dependence (i.e. an addiction to opioids). The majority of people dependent on opioids use illicitly cultivated and manufactured heroin, but an increasing proportion use prescription opioids.

There are effective treatments for opioid dependence yet only 10% of people who need such treatment are receiving it.

Due to their pharmacological effects, opioids in high doses can cause respiratory depression and death.

The inexpensive medication naloxone can completely reverse the effects of opioid overdose and prevent deaths due to opioid overdose.

世界卫生组织关于阿片类药物过量的信息表

“肝炎：再考虑” 旨在将肝炎引入到公众的意识中，消除污点并鼓励测试和治疗。英语版本拥有更多信息，请阅读下文。

The fourth official World Hepatitis Day took place on the 28th July 2014, co-ordinated by the World Hepatitis Alliance and the World Health Organization, and along the theme 

This World Hepatitis Day saw the largest global response to date, with 157 countries taking part. 86 national governments also took part, which is a significant increase from previous years.
The following percentages of WHO member states in each region took part:

World Hepatitis Day 2014 was marked by testing events, fundraisers, pledges, vaccination drives, and other innovative events such as a celebrity car wash, balloon releases and the illumination of well-known landmarks. Support from Ministers of Health, local and regional governments, celebrities, civil society and members of the public was enhanced by high levels of media coverage, meaning this World Hepatitis Day undoubtedly reached a larger and broader audience than ever before.

With this report we would like to acknowledge everybody who helped to make World Hepatitis Day 2014 a huge success.

2014年世界肝炎日总结报告

这本小册子概述了基本原则，临床建议和卫生体制改革，建议药物治疗小儿内科疾病持续的疼痛。英语版本拥有更多信息，请阅读下文。

for policy-makers offers concise information which is extracted from the 

WHO guidelines on the pharmacological treatment of persisting pain in children with medical illnesses 

These new WHO guidelines outline basic principles, clinical recommendations and health system recommendations. This brochure highlights selected issues which are essential for, in particular, policy-makers, medicines regulatory authorities, hospital managers and health insurance managers. It will allow them to include in their policies the guidelines’ principle that all patients with pain, including children, should be treated with either pharmacological or non-pharmacological techniques, irrespective of whether the underlying cause can be identified.

address the pharmacological treatment of persisting pain, including cancer pain. As such, it replaces the previous guidelines, 

Cancer pain and palliative care in children

, which exclusively covered cancer pain. The new guidelines on 

are the first of a series of three guidelines documents on all types of pain in both adults and children. The topics of the other two guidelines will be “persisting pain in adults” and “acute pain”.

The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that around 5.7 billion people live in countries where moderate and severe pain is not adequately treated. Data from the International Narcotics Control Board (INCB) for 2009 show that more than 90 percent of the global consumption of strong opioids occurred in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United States of America, the United Kingdom and several other European countries. This means that their availability was very limited in many countries and regions. Over 80% of the world population will have insufficient analgesia.

Medicines for opioid analgesia, such as morphine, are subject to the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961, and its 1972 Protocol. As a result, the focus has historically been on prevention of misuse, dependence and diversion while medical access has been neglected. In recent years, growing recognition of the legitimate use of these substances for medical and scientific purposes.

Publications