How many years have we known that abstinence-based programs like D.A.R.E. fail to truly educate young people about drugs, and that we need a replacement?

The answer: too many. But happily, now there’s an alternative: DPA’s 

Safety First: Real Drug Education for Teens

 started out as a resource for parents to talk to their teens about drugs and has now evolved into a curriculum designed to be implemented in 9th and 10th grade high school health classes. It is based in the principles of harm reduction and consists of 14 interactive lessons covering how we define a ‘drug,’ how drugs work in the body, their effects, risks and benefits of five major drug classes, and the impact of drug policy on personal and community health.

 is the culmination of almost 20 years of work in youth drug issues by DPA’s Dr. Marsha Rosenbaum, as well as many other DPA staffers. I am proud to have joined that group by guiding 

 in its first real-world pilot and evaluation last month at Bard High School Early College Manhattan. For the first time ever in a U.S. public school, students are receiving a science and harm reduction-based education about drugs.

The opposite of D.A.R.E – DPA launches new high school drug education curriculum in a NYC School

Amnesty International has expressed concern that the death penalty continues to be applied in some Middle Eastern countries, as it reported a worldwide decline in executions and death sentences in 2017. In its annual report published on Thursday, the international rights group documented at least 993 executions in 23 countries last year - a four percent decline from 2016, when 1,032 executions were recorded. From a record high of 3,117 in 2016, since Amnesty began documentation, 2,591 death sentences were imposed worldwide - a 17 percent decline. But for the second year in a row, the Middle Eastern countries of Iran, Saudi Arabia and Iraq were the top three for the number of executions in the world - along with Pakistan, they account for 84 percent of executions recorded worldwide.

At 264, the Middle East and North Africa region also recorded the highest number of drug-related executions last year, the report said. In Saudi Arabia, beheadings of drug offenders accounted for 40 percent of total executions - an increase from 16 percent in 2016.

Since 1977, Amnesty has been advocating the abolition of the death penalty, which Popoola said is "the ultimate denial of human rights" and "serves the society no good". "Despite strides towards abolishing this abhorrent punishment, there are still a few leaders who would resort to the death penalty as a 'quick-fix' rather than tackling problems at their roots with humane, effective and evidence-based policies," said Salil Shetty, Amnesty International's secretary-general, in a statement.

Amnesty: Almost 1,000 prisoners executed worldwide in 2017

ATLANTA — Dr. Nora Volkow has heard a frightening scenario play out around the country. People are administering naloxone to synthetic opioid drug users who have overdosed. But the antidote doesn’t work well. So they give another dose. And it’s only after multiple doses — four, five, even six times — that drug users finally come to their senses.

Naloxone is the only widely available drug to reverse opioid overdoses. But anecdotal reports of its limitations against synthetic opioids are on the rise. Spurred by that public health threat — as well as a booming commercial market for the antidote — drug companies, researchers, and health officials are eagerly eyeing the development of new treatments to augment the use of naloxone or, in some cases, potentially replace it.

“The strategies we’ve done in the past for reversing overdoses may not be sufficient,” Volkow, director of the National Institute for Drug Abuse, said in a recent speech at the 2018 National Rx Drug Abuse and Heroin Summit. “We need to develop alternatives solutions to reversing overdoses.”

Those alternatives are taking a variety of forms. One biotech company is studying a drug with similar mode of action as naloxone — an opioid antagonist — but one that lasts roughly four times longer. Some addiction medicine specialists are hopeful that a different drug, buprenorphine, presently used to treat opioid addiction, could also be tweaked to reverse an overdose. Meanwhile, the National Institutes of Health hopes to pursue research into drugs that wouldn’t counteract the opioids directly but rather keep the patient breathing — the thing that causes so many overdoses to be fatal.

The next naloxone? Companies, academics search for better overdose-reversal drugs

On-site testing of 'party drug' pills could reduce the harms caused by drug use and potentially save lives, according to an independent review of Australia's National Drug Strategy, published in the open access 

Dr Andrew Groves at Deakin University, Australia, examines evidence in support of pill testing to reduce fatalities caused by 'party drugs' such as ecstasy and methamphetamines, at festivals, clubs and raves. Pill testing involves party-goers having a sample of their drugs tested on-site by scientists and drug experts. They then receive information about what is in their drug, with the option of keeping the drug or anonymously handing it over.

Dr Andrew Groves, corresponding author, said: "The most surprising finding of our research is that the evidence has clearly identified the inadequacy of existing punitive, zero tolerance strategies across several countries, and yet such policies often remain embedded in government legislative action. While we still need further evaluation of how best to implement pill testing and other harm reduction initiatives, the evidence suggests that they are useful and there is widespread support from the community and practitioners in the field. The debate must be about harm, rather than criminality."

In the review, the author evaluated examples of drug policies around the world, including Portugal, where the government has implemented pill testing, as part of much broader policy reforms including the decriminalisation of the possession of drugs. This led to drug use being viewed as a public health concern, rather than a criminal issue and reduced problematic drug use and its related harms.

Review by researcher calls for pill testing to be part of Australia's drug strategy

The United States surgeon general issued a rare national advisory on Thursday urging more Americans to carry naloxone, a drug used to revive people overdosing on opioids.

The last time a surgeon general issued such an urgent warning to the country was in 2005, when Richard H. Carmona advised women not to drink alcohol when pregnant.

Naloxone is a medication designed to immediately reverse an opioid overdose. It blocks the brain’s opioid receptors and restores normal breathing in people who have overdosed on fentanyl, heroin or prescription painkillers. Its effects last for 30 to 90 minutes, which ideally buys enough time to get medical attention.

“Active drug users, people who live with or love drug users, and people on methadone or buprenorphine, who are often coming out of treatment and know people at high risk of overdose,” said Robert Childs, executive director of the North Carolina Harm Reduction Coalition in Wilmington, N.C. The surgeon general also listed patients who take high doses of prescribed opioids.

People who are coming out of prison or detox programs should carry the drug, because detox lowers tolerance, Mr. Childs said. Those who work in places where there are public bathrooms or where drug users congregate, such as shopping center parking lots, should consider getting trained to use naloxone and keep it on hand.

Naloxone stops opioid overdoses. How do you use it?

When the wave of adult marijuana legalization in some states started in 2013, the position of the federal authorities regarding the government’s international obligations to prohibit drugs was based on a flexible interpretation of the United Nations drug conventions, commonly known as the Brownfield doctrine. The legality of this interpretation has been questioned by the U.N. convention-control bodies. But as the U.S. administration grows more suspicious of multilateralism, is the United Nations still equipped, technically and politically, to be heard?

At the U.N. Special Session on drugs (UNGASS) held in 2016, almost every country that spoke in the General Assembly hall emphasized how high drugs were on their national agendas. Yet they all agreed that the 2019 review of the decennial U.N. political declaration and the plan of action on drugs would take the form of simple ministerial meeting at a subsidiary U.N. commission based in Vienna, the Commission on Narcotic Drugs (CND). This can be interpreted as proof that drug policy is not taken as seriously, despite how it impacts people’s lives on the ground.

International drug policy is different from other highly covered topics in the multilateral system for one main reason: no global player or P5 member has any apparent interest in opening a reform discussion, unlike for environmental, HIV or migration policies that benefit from large human, financial and communication resources.

The United States, which initiated the global war on drugs over 50 years ago, finds itself in a situation where its states are legalizing cannabis by ballot or legislative votes in contradiction with the U.N. drug conventions, while the country faces an unprecedented opioid overdose crisis that undermines every belief that prohibition results in effective drug control or is able to act as a deterrent for use.

International drug policy: Is the UN becoming irrelevant?

David Lammy MP is one of many who has suggested that a tougher approach to drug law would reduce knife crime..

This morning, during an interview about London's soaring knife crime problem, David Lammy MP told BBC Radio 4's 

 programme that "the police and our country has lost control of [the] drugs market". To some degree, he's right – but arguably, neither the government nor law enforcement ever had control of the drugs market in the first place, something the Home Office acknowledged in a 2017 report evaluating the national drugs strategy.

Lammy rightly said "there is no single cause" for the spike in fatal stabbings, but in denouncing the police's approach also seemed to be arguing that more drug policing would lead to a reduction in violent crime – a sentiment echoed by many on social media. The evidence, however, would suggest otherwise.

If politicians and police really want to tackle the rise in knife crime, drug policy reform is an important part of the solution. We should move away from the same old prohibitionist policies and instead focus on implementing strategies that treat drug use as a health and education issue, rather than a criminal justice matter. In recent weeks we have increasingly heard calls for an intensification of stop-and-search to tackle knife crime. However, these calls fail to properly analyse how this police power is currently used in London and how stop-and-search can contribute to young people losing trust in the police, leading them to take matters into their own hands.

Harsher drug policing will not stop knife crime in the United Kingdom

A new app has been launched to help the thousands of people prosecuted for drug possession every year in England and Wales.

 was developed by lawyers at Release, the UK’s centre of expertise on drugs and drug laws. It provides a step-by-step guide for dealing with a drug possession offence, including informing people of what to say and do in the police station and in court. The aim of the app is to get the best possible result for the individual depending on their personal situation.

As government data shows, a huge number of people continue to face criminal convictions for possessing small quantities of drugs for personal use. In 2016, a staggering 23,000 people in England and Wales were prosecuted for simple drug possession, among which 95 per cent were found guilty.

Due to government cuts to legal aid, most people who are prosecuted for simple drug possession in the UK are required to represent themselves in court – without a lawyer – if they cannot afford to pay for representation. If a person representing themselves fails to put forward relevant mitigation, or fails to accurately demonstrate their financial circumstances, they may face a harsher sentence or financial penalty. Essentially, under current conditions, poorer people may face unfair and disproportionate legal consequences for simple drug possession.

For example, someone found in possession of cannabis for personal use for the first time should receive a cannabis warning. However, someone without legal representation may be unaware of this, and may then accept a caution or conviction for cannabis possession, both of which can have far-reaching consequences - from hindering job applications to disqualifying them from obtaining certain international visas.

These consequences of criminalisation are compounded for people who have other issues besides their drug charge – including people with mental health problems or dependencies on drugs or alcohol – as their ability to represent themselves may be hindered further.

Kirstie Douse, Release’s head of legal services, said that the 

app will help address this inherent inequality in the UK’s legal system.

“It goes beyond providing knowledge of legal process and principles, and helps reduce the harms caused by the criminalisation of drug possession. We hope that this tool empowers people to engage with the law in order to ensure that it is applied accurately and fairly, preventing poor decisions.”

New app will help if you’re arrested for drug possession in the United Kingdom

On May 9-10, the board of the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, TB and Malaria will meet in Skopje, Macedonia to approve a new policy on which countries are eligible for funding.

I’ve been immersed in this labyrinthine policy as a consultant for the three civil society delegations on the board of the Fund: Developing Country NGO Delegation, Developed Country NGO Delegation and Communities Delegation. They came together to press for an overhaul of the policy. For a variety of reasons, that didn’t happen.

But there has been some progress; there are some big questions for civil society to weigh in on before May, and some critical areas to monitor if the current version is approved. Here’s an overview: heads up, it’s a long blog.

Why an eligibility policy? Funds are limited, lives are literally at stake, and difficult choices must be made about where to invest. What are the principles that should be used when you’re facing three global crises – the epidemics of HIV, TB and malaria? This is not just a question of health economics – it is also an ethical challenge.

It’s a problem that dates to the beginning of the Fund, when grants were in the millions, not hundreds of millions. To solve it, the World Bank offered to draft an approach. Sixteen years later, with over $10 billion to allocate, the criteria the World Bank identified over a decade ago still define Global Fund eligibility: national income and disease burden.

Changes to the Global Fund eligibility policy: An overview

The Zimbabwe government has been called upon to decriminalise drug use in the country and instead put in place measures that will allow users to access, treatment, counselling and rehabilitation at public health centres.

The call was made by Wilson Box, the Zimbabwe Civil Liberties and Drug Network director at a workshop on; “Mainstreaming drug use harm reduction in public health and community development interventions,” held at the ZESA Training Centre in Harare.

The Workshop was also attended by medical doctors, senior police officers, drug users and officials from various non-governmental organisations in public health delivery.

Presenting a paper titled; “Illicit drug use in Zimbabwe and Drug Policy Reform”, Box said there was need in Zimbabwe to decriminalise drug use.

“Decriminalising drug use is not legalising use of illicit drugs. But it is putting in place measures that will allow users to have access to treatment, counselling and rehabilitation,” he said.

Zimbabwe Civil Liberties and Drug Network April Update

As more countries move away from drug prohibition, Indonesia is about to step up its efforts to defend it. Proposed revisions to the country's criminal code promote harsh penalties for the use and possession of narcotics - including society's ultimate sanction, the death penalty - instead of a health-oriented approach. Rather than enabling a safer, healthier future for the world's fourth largest population, the changes guarantee a surge in prison overcrowding, inflated public health costs, decreased access to health care, and increased drug trafficking, availability, and misuse.

The current criminal code (KUHP) is nearly identical to the penal code issued by the Dutch colonial authorities in 1918, which was retained when Indonesia gained independence in 1945. Its long-overdue revamp, which is in the final stages of deliberation in the House of Representatives, contains a new set of alarming provisions, including some that criminalise homosexuality, extramarital sex, and criticism of the president.

The latest draft revisions have been widely condemned by rights organisations. The United Nations human rights chief deemed the proposed amendments "inherently discriminatory", arguing that their sanctions fall disproportionately on the most marginalised segments of society. Last month, activists from the so-called Civil Society Alliance to Reject the Draft Criminal Code organised several protests rejecting the parliament's proposals. Indonesia's National Commission on Human Rights warnedagainst the rushed adoption of the current criminal code revisions, calling for more input from the public.

Yet while the media and public have focused on the wider set of KUHP amendments, the inclusion of strict penalties for non-violent drug users has nearly slipped in unnoticed.The draft bill contains 22 articles on the use, possession, couriering, and smuggling of narcotics, all of which are treated as criminal offenses punishable with jail time, or in severe cases, death by firing squad.

Indonesia criminal code overhaul a step backwards for drug policy

The nation’s chief doctor wants more Americans to start carrying the overdose antidote naloxone to help combat the nation’s opioid crisis and save lives.

Speaking at the National Rx Drug Abuse & Heroin Summit in Atlanta on Thursday morning, U.S. Surgeon General Dr. Jerome Adams issued his office’s first national public health advisory in 13 years.

Adams said he hopes those who are at risk — as well as their friends and family members — will keep the antidote on hand and learn how to use it.

“You don’t have to be a policeman or a firefighter or a paramedic to save a life,” said Adams, who pointed out that more than half of opioid overdose deaths in the U.S. occur at home.

According to federal data, more than 42,000 Americans suffered fatal opioid overdoses in 2016, more than double the number who died in 2010.

Naloxone can restore a person’s breathing after it is injected or sprayed in the nostrils, quickly bringing overdose victims back from near-death.

The drug, which is often referred to by the brand name Narcan, is available without a prescription in most states and is regularly used by first responders across the country. Another product, Evzio, is available with a prescription and delivers naloxone via a hand-held auto-injector.

Adams said 95 percent of all insured Americans are covered to purchase naloxone. First responders and community organizations can purchase Narcan nasal spray, one of the most widely available products, at group discounts of $37.50 per dose, drugmaker Adapt Pharma said in a news release.

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