Half-naked bodies writhe on the ground. A man lies in an empty bath, his eyes gazing into space. “No herbs, no medicine. They’ve mixed gutter water together—the eyes are now dirty,” cries out Olamide, a Nigerian rapper. His music video, “Science Student”, has been viewed millions of times. It’s a hypnotic commentary on the chaos caused by the addictive drugs sweeping through his country. But the problem is not just confined to Nigeria. While global headlines have often focused on America’s painkiller addictions, an opioid crisis is raging across west Africa. For decades, Latin American cartels have trafficked cocaine through fragile west African states and on to Europe. Narcotics have often found their way into the region’s conflicts. For example, during Sierra Leone’s war, child soldiers were reportedly given a combination of cocaine and smokeless gunpowder called “brown-brown” that would send them into a killing frenzy. However, many of the hard drugs used in Europe and America are too expensive for those Africans living outside metropolitan areas. This has left a gap in the market for cheap, powerful highs.

Opioids—strong painkillers—have filled that gap. The main ones used in west Africa are tramadol and codeine. These are weaker than their cousins, heroin and fentanyl, but are still potent, especially when combined with substances like cannabis. There are no reliable estimates on how many people in west Africa are taking these opioids, but there is evidence to suggest widespread use across a swathe from Senegal and Mali to Nigeria and Cameroon. The United Nations says that almost 90% of all the pharmaceutical opioids seized in the world in 2016 were seized in Africa (predominantly tramadol, in the west, centre and north). The drugs are mainly manufactured in India. In 2016, following the seizure of 40m tablets, America’s State Department reported that Benin, with a population of just 11m, was the largest importer of Indian tramadol, after the United States.

West Africa’s opioid crisis

Bekaa Valley, Lebanon (CNN)The farmer plucks a cannabis flower from a long stalk. He presses it against his nose, inhales deeply and begins to extol the therapeutic -- if not necessarily scientific -- properties of his crop. "Smell this. It smells like heaven," says Abu Salim, who doesn't want his real name used for security reasons. "This is the herb of happiness. My friend says that when he smokes a joint, his wife becomes a princess, the world shines, and life is beautiful!" This is part of the heartland of Lebanese farming, once considered the breadbasket of the Middle East. It is also home to some of the region's most conservative and controversial political groups. An expanse of cannabis -- almost the size of three soccer fields -- stretches out in front of Abu Salim. Harvesting season hasn't started yet, but the country has recently trained its sights on fields like these. Heeding the recommendation of international consulting group McKinsey, which was part of a broader development plan, Lebanon's parliament is preparing to legalize medicinal cannabis and its cultivation. It's meant to pave the way to a nearly $800 million industry, according to Economy Minister Raed Khoury, and could serve as a quick fix for some of the country's many economic woes.

Climate change is turning the Middle East's breadbasket into a cannabis farm

In the early morning of July 24, the dead body of 35-year-old Alamgir Hossain Badsha, an activist belonging to the student wing ofBangladesh's main opposition Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP), was found near a gas station in Sonargaon, a town 20km from the capital, Dhaka.

The paramilitary body, the Rapid Action Battalion (RAB), said that Badsha, who they accused of being a drug dealer, had been killed during a gun fight with its officers who had earlier been tipped off about a drug deal.

"When officers arrived there, Badsha started shooting at them. When RAB fired back, Badsha was killed," Sheikh Billal Hossain, a senior policeman, told journalists.

He said that they recovered a gun, bullets and 15 units of the drug - Yaba, a mix of methamphetamine and caffeine - from his body.

According to authorities, Badsha's killing was an inevitable consequence of the government's determined campaign, which began in May 2018, to deal with drug criminals who shoot at the sight of law enforcement officers when an arrest is attempted.

Are Bangladesh activists being killed amid the war on drugs?

The Colombian government has started to use drones to destroy the plants that produce cocaine.

Small aircraft loaded with herbicide are being sent to search for illegal fields of coca.

President Iván Duque has favoured the use of the unmanned aircraft to ensure that damage to neighbouring crops is kept to a minimum.

Critics have warned that the approach may be a technological fix to a problem that needs a political solution.

The Wall Street Journal reported that Colombian authorities had partnered with drone company Fumi Drones SAS to provide unmanned aircraft as well as to train police.

German Huertas, the drone company's director of operations, said the drones had eliminated about 90% of the coca on each acre (0.4 hectare) targeted during tests in the country's Narino province.

The trial has involved the deployment of 10 drones, each weighing 23kg (51lb) and carrying the plant-killing chemical glyphosate.

Drones hunt cocaine farms in Colombia

This article is adapted from AQ's latest issue on reducing homicide in Latin America.

Considering the drug trade’s role in fueling violence throughout Latin America and the Caribbean, it’s worth examining the impact of recent drug policy changes. Most involve the decriminalization of marijuana for personal use or the legalization of medical marijuana — often in the form of oil derived from the cannabis plant that can be taken orally as medicine. Most reforms have been too minimal to affect crime. In some cases, bureaucracy and poor implementation may have thwarted the intended positive effects.

The Senate passed a law approving medical marijuana in 2016. The government regulates the prescription and distribution of medical marijuana products, which must be imported since production is still illegal.

: Patients say the implementation of the medicinal policy has largely failed. Cannabis oil is only accessible to patients with refractory epilepsy, and patients remain unauthorized to grow their own cannabis. Meanwhile, further drug liberalization seems unlikely under President Mauricio Macri, who has scaled up efforts against trafficking. Macri’s approach includes a controversial expansion of the armed forces’ role in stemming the drug trade.

Bolivian farmers have chewed coca leaves for generations to ward off altitude sickness and as a mild stimulant. However, coca cultivation was largely illegal until 2004, when the government began working with coca farmers to regulate cultivation, setting limits to grow the leaf in certain regions. In 2009, a new constitution backed by President Evo Morales, a former coca farmer, described it as part of the country’s cultural heritage. In 2017, a new law increased the legal limit of coca cultivation to approximately 55,000 acres from 30,000 acres, to incentivize more farmers to grow it legally.

: The 2004 reform was followed by a fall in the share of Bolivia’s prisoners behind bars for drug-related convictions, from 41 percent in 2004 to under 20 percent in 2016. After the new constitution, coca cultivation also fell over time, reaching a peak of 76,600 acres in 2010 and then falling to just under 50,000 acres in 2015.

What became of Latin America's progressive drug reforms?

Incoming president Andrés Manuel López Obrador has pledged to overhaul Mexico’s militarized assault on the drug cartels that has left 200,000 people dead

Here in Mexico’s most murderous municipality the bodies appear with nauseating frequency – or at least, parts of them do.

Some are stashed in bin bags or hammocks; others in blood-soaked rucksacks. Some are dumped in bike lanes or canals; others left on street corners or football pitches – severed, shredded and stomach-churning symbols of the country’s failing war on drugs.

“Sometimes we don’t even know who they are,” admitted Arturo Bautista, the silver-haired administrator of Tecomán’s cemetery and the final custodian of the victims of this Pacific beach town’s relentless killing machine.

In few places can the ferocity and futility of Mexico’s war on drugs be felt more than Tecomán, a once tranquil coastal community. Last year its murder rate of a reported 172.51 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants resembled that of a war zone.

'Can't fight evil with evil': Life in Mexico's most murderous town

“Some people call this place The Living Room,” the young man I’ve just met tells me. And looking around the room, you can see why. Several people are relaxing on two comfy-looking couches. There are sandwiches on the table. A couple of guys are sitting on steps leading out onto a busy street in central Lisbon. Someone’s on Facebook at the counter. The xx are playing in the background. It could almost be an inner-city art collective, or an activist meet-up spot.

But several things suggest this is no ordinary living room. A poster on the wall says, ‘Aren’t We All Drug Users After All?’ Another: ‘Say No to the War on Drugs.’ People are coming and going into side-rooms, where a social worker in casual clothes occasionally shows her face. The young guy next to me is handing out snacks to people who approach him with a numbered slip of paper.

This place, I discover, has a few different functions. It’s a Harm Reduction Centre, run by GAT (Grupo de Ativistas em Tratamentos), a Portuguese HIV organisation. The GAT Centre links people to social services and helps people navigate the health system. It provides injecting and smoking materials, including syringes and crack pipes. It takes used syringes, deposited in a closed container behind the counter. It offers basic services to those living in the streets, including access to the internet and a phone, clothing, and hygiene products. The model focuses on relationship-building. One employee explains: “Maybe first, people come in for a drug kit and leave straight away. The next time they come in, we encourage them to have a coffee and take a kit. The time after, they might see a social worker or a nurse. We hope it builds from there.”

It feels different from other social service centres I’ve spent time in. People wear colourful clothing. One user of the centre comes up to chat, and leaves me with a band name to look up. There’s less shame about why people are there.

‘Aren’t we all drug users after all?’: What drug law reform in Portugal can teach New Zealand

The state of tailored harm reduction services for women globally is notoriously poor, with the situation in Indonesia providing a snapshot of the barriers many women who use drugs face around the world.

Compared to their male counterparts, Women who use drugs (WUDs) face increased stigma, threats of violence, social exclusion and gender discrimination. This hostile environment can often deter women from accessing the small number of services that are available and push them to riskier drug use practices, heightening their chances of contracting blood-borne viruses like HIV and hepatitis C.

As part of the research for Harm Reduction International’s (HRI) upcoming Global State of Harm Reduction report, due out in late 2018, the Women & Harm Reduction International Network (WHRIN) surveyed its members across Europe, Oceania, Asia and North America to get a sense of the services on offer to women and the challenges faced in accessing them. Eight responses came from Indonesia—where services on the whole for people who use drugs are lacking—and reflect the urgent need for specialised harm reduction and treatment services for women who use drugs (WUDs). Responses include:

“There are no treatment services [specifically] for women drug users … Existing services are also not woman friendly, [and very] male-oriented.” 

“There is a lack of special services for women because we are so far still simply equated with men. However, it is known that women have different needs.” 

“As far as I know there is no policy that deals directly with the needs of women who use drugs.” 

“Existing harm reduction services for men and women are not differentiated and even often [WUD access is] decreased due to the double stigma and discrimination still attached to drug use among women (meaning women are not attending available services).” 

This situation is not uniform across the country and the options available to women in cities are typically better. For example, hepatitis C treatment is on offer in areas of Jakarta but women elsewhere will often have to travel to the capital if they want access to medications. In many cases, cost may prohibit women from this travel.

Harm reduction in Indonesia failing women who use drugs

 is looking for creative, collaborative web developers, preferably with experience working with non-profits/social mobilisation initiatives, to lead on the re-design of the campaign's website.

Support. Don’t Punish is a global grassroots-centred campaign in support of harm reduction and drug policy reform. The campaign seeks to put these issues on the political agenda by strengthening the mobilisation capacity of affected communities and their allies, opening dialogue with policy makers, and raising awareness among the media and the public.

That the campaign has been able to remain current and continue to grow significantly despite relatively limited resources owes itself to the power of its message, the leadership provided by its central hub and, above all, its decentralised nature (the campaign is carried forward by local partners, who mobilise under a common international banner).

The campaign recently celebrated its sixth anniversary with its biggest Global Day of Action to date. On or around 26 June 2018, thousands of activists in 234 cities and 98 countries joined a wide range of locally-organised events, including gatherings, concerts, protests, street art and meetings with policy makers; making it the largest worldwide mobilisation for drug policy reform of its kind.

The current website was launched in 2013, in parallel to the campaign’s first Global Day of Action. Its structure has remained essentially the same for the last six years, introducing the campaign, outlining avenues for engagement and showcasing achievements. The website remains useful and has attracted close to 225,000 views during its lifetime³.

However, the campaign’s substantial expansion and the evolution of mobilisation technologies has limited the website’s potential. As the main point of contact with campaign stakeholders, the new website should encourage and facilitate engagement throughout the year, with a streamlined, eye-catching, flexible design, capable of integrating third-party mobilisations tools, including a dedicated Petitions platform.

We expect to invest between 10,000 USD and 13,000 USD (VAT included) on this website re-development process, depending on the complexity of the tendered project.

Durability will be a key concern, which is why we are aiming for a 

At this point, we invite interested parties to submit an expression of interest to Juan Fernandez Ochoa - IDPC Campaigns & Communications Officer (campaign@idpc.net). Please, briefly describe how your previous experiences align with this project and provide a portfolio of relevant work. 

The deadline for submissions is Tuesday, 12 September 2018

Shortlisted parties will be provided with a detailed brief and invited to submit a website development proposal.

Call for expressions of interest: Support. Don't Punish website redevelopment

People who work to keep drug users in Ottawa safe are harshly criticizing the Ontario government's decision to halt approvals of overdose prevention sites.

In a letter sent late Friday to local health integration networks and health units across the province, Roselle Martino, assistant deputy minister of the population and public health division, said the halting of the approval process was effective immediately.

The decision means that for now, the Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care will not give the green light to new overdose prevention sites and is officially pausing the process for sites that are not open yet.

Overdose prevention sites (OPS) are temporary harm-reduction sites where the injection of drugs is supervised. They also allow drug users to access harm reduction supplies and dispose of used needles and other drug paraphenalia.

Some sites also offer supervised oral and intranasal drug consumption, as well as provide test strips to check drugs for fentanyl.

Decision to halt overdose prevention sites in Ontario 'horrifying,' advocates say

It’s Monday morning, a few days before the famously bacchanalian Pride weekend kicks off in the Netherlands' biggest city.

Thys Roes and his friends are planning to party, and to that end they have purchased a bag of ecstasy pills.

At least they think the little pink Hello Kitty-shaped pills are ecstasy.

So the filmmaker has made his way to Jellinek Preventie, a rehab centre in central Amsterdam that, among other things, operates a drug-checking service.

A counsellor scrapes a bit of the pill into a test tube and adds a liquid. It turns black.

Mr. Roes smiles, because it means the drug is, in fact, ecstasy (chemical name 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, or MDMA).

The counsellor also examines the pill closely and searches a computer database for a match.

In Amsterdam, drug-checking centres make sure illegal substances are safe for users. Should Canada do it?

Georgia’s Constitutional Court has ruled that all punishments for cannabis consumption, including fines, be immediately abolished.

The court’s ruling – which took place on July 30 - was effective immediately, meaning it is now the law.

The only exception to this, according to the Court, is if the cannabis consumption is perceived to cause direct harm to a third party. The Court stated that cannabis use could still be punished if “it is conducted in [educational] institutions, in some public places, for example in public transport, [or] in the presence of juveniles”.

It remains illegal to cultivate or supply cannabis in any circumstances.

The case was filed in the Court by Zurab Japaridze, leader of the 

 political party. Japaridze lauded the ruling for making Georgia the first former-Soviet country to permit cannabis consumption, 

“This wasn’t a fight for cannabis”, he said, “This was a fight for freedom”.

 has previously reported, cannabis use was decriminalised in Georgia in November 2017. While this decision ended the criminalisation and imprisonment of people for cannabis use, someone caught smoking the drug could still face a fine of up to GEL 500 ($204).

Prior to this, cannabis offences were met with harsh punishments in Georgia. An amendment to the Georgian Criminal Code in 2006 led to the possession of a small quantity of cannabis being punished by up to 11 years in prison, while possessing a large quantity could be punished by between seven and 14 years. In 2015, amendments reduced these punishments to six years for a small quantity, and between five and eight years for a large quantity.

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